With the wireless part of any router you will struggle to get really high speeds. 802.11g is up to 54Mbit/s and you could stream an HD TV signal over that amount of bandwidth so is pretty adequate to the home for the next 3-6 years. Faster speeds are now out there but often require compatible hardware at both ends.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11g indicates typical speed of g is about 20Mbit/s so if you have a g wireless router and a 50Mbit/s cable connection then the router would be the slowest part of the link. You would need
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11n
but that will not be a finalised standard until the end of this year and you would most likely end up with a router that is buggy.
The wired part of the router will be restricted by hardware and software.
At the most basic to get speeds over 100Mbit/s you need a router with 1000Mbit/s ports on it to handle speeds of over 100Mbit/s in the wired environment.
Then the software and the processor of the router have to recieve these packets of data and route them. Even if it has high speed ports then the router has to have enough power to be able the traffic.
And finally the devices at the other end of the router need to be able to keep up. The servers and other connections on the internet may be slower, the computer you are writing data to has to write that to the hard disk which also can slow things down.
But as others have already pointed out 50Mbit/s to the home is coming on line now and speed upgrades beyond that will be a while off.
Me I'm still running a version 1.2 Linksys WRT54G and have no plans on replacing it unless it goes pop. I have had it since I got broadband many years ago and it is still doing the job just fine. Any reliable G wireless router should be fine for your needs.